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Geology Bites: Daily Summaries Delivered
by Oliver Strimpel
What moves the continents, creates mountains, swallows up the sea floor, makes volcanoes erupt, triggers earthquakes, and imprints ancient climates into the rocks? Oliver Strimpel, a former astrophysicist and museum director asks leading Earth science researchers to divulge what they have discovered and how they did it.
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- 2 days ago27 min
Torgeir Andersen on Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism
Continental crust is buoyant, which is why continents stand high above the ocean floor. Yet rocks in western Norway contain microscopic grains of coesite, a form of quartz that forms only under pressures found about 100 km down. A slab of continent was dragged deep into the mantle, and then came back up. In this episode, Torgeir Andersen, Professor Emeritus at the University of Oslo, explains how the rocks of Norway's Western Gneiss Region made that round trip some 400 million years ago, and why a few isolated diamond-bearing pods may record local overpressure rather than even greater depth.For podcast illustrations and to learn more about Geology Bites, go to geologybites.com.
- Aug 27, 202634 min
Brian Wernicke on Lithospheric Extension and the Basin and Range Province
Where tectonic plates collide, the result is clear: the edge of a plate crumples and throws up a mountain belt. But where a plate is stretched rather than squeezed, the evidence is usually lost, because the thinned lithosphere subsides and the basins that form fill with sediment.The Basin and Range Province of the western United States and northwestern Mexico is the great exception. Between the Colorado Plateau and the Sierra Nevada, dozens of mountain ranges march north in near-parallel array, in a crust that has been pulled out to about twice its original width — and it is still stretching today.In this episode we look at how we know that: from GPS antennas bolted into bedrock that measure the province widening in real time, to the record of ancient earthquakes, to the dismembered thrust sheets that let the whole region be reassembled as it was 20 million years ago. We also discuss the low-angle detachment faults that have brought rock from fifteen kilometres down up to the surface and why a stretched province still stands a mile high.Brian Wernicke is an Emeritus Professor in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at Caltech.For photos, figures, and further reading, see https://www.geologybites.com.
- Jul 16, 202628 min
Bernhard Steinberger on Whether Hotspots Are Fixed
Volcanic island chains like Hawaii record the passage of a plate over a hotspot — a plume of hot rock rising from deep within the mantle. For decades, hotspots were assumed to be fixed, providing a stationary frame of reference against which to measure the absolute motions of the plates. But are they? Bernhard Steinberger has spent his career modeling how mantle flow carries plume conduits sideways as they rise, setting each hotspot drifting on its own course. In the podcast, he explains how paleomagnetism, the ages of volcanoes along hotspot tracks, and relative plate motions can be combined to disentangle plate motion, hotspot drift, and true polar wander — and how, even in motion, hotspots can still anchor the plates to the deep Earth.Steinberger is a geophysicist at the GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam.Go to geologybites.com to see illustrations supporting this episode.
- Jun 27, 202632 min
Sonia Tikoo on the Moon's Magnetic Field
We have known for decades that the Moon once generated a strong magnetic field — comparable in strength to Earth's — throughout the period from about 4.25 to 3.5 billion years ago. Only in the past few years have we learned that the field didn't simply switch off then: it weakened dramatically but lingered on, faintly, until as recently as 1.5 billion years ago, before disappearing entirely. As Sonia Tikoo explains in the podcast, we don't really understand either how the early field grew so strong or how any field could last so long — and no single mechanism seems able to account for both the intense early epoch and the long, weak tail that followed.Sonia Tikoo studies the history of magnetic fields on the Moon and other small solar system bodies using paleomagnetism and fundamental rock magnetism. She is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geophysics at Stanford University.
- May 28, 202632 min
Steve Brusatte on the Dinosaurs That Survived the Asteroid
Birds are the only dinosaurs that survived the asteroid impact 66 million years ago — but not all birds did. In this episode, Steve Brusatte draws on the fossil record to explain which birds came through the extinction, and what set the survivors apart from the many that perished alongside the rest of the dinosaurs. He traces the evolutionary transition from ground-living theropods to modern birds, drawing on the spectacular feathered fossils unearthed over the past three decades in northeastern China. Brusatte is Professor of Palaeontology and Evolution at the University of Edinburgh and author of The Story of Birds, published this year.
- Apr 30, 202628 min
Alec Brenner on When Tectonic Plates First Moved
A key development in the history of the early Earth is the formation of lithospheric plates that move independently of one another. In this episode, Brenner describes how he used paleomagnetic methods to detect relative motion between two ancient cratons, the East Pilbara and the Kaapvaal, 3.5 billion years ago. This is a full billion years earlier than any previous such detection, and it enables us to narrow down the kind of tectonics operating in the Paleoarchean. Of the candidate regimes, episodic subduction models fit his data best. Brenner is a Postdoctoral Associate in the Department of Earth & Planetary Science at Yale University.
- Apr 15, 202635 min
Materials in Extreme Environments
Most of the material in the Earth and other planets exists under extremes of pressure and temperature quite unlike those we inhabit on the surface of the Earth. Steve Jacobsen is a mineral physicist who studies how rocks and minerals behave under such alien conditions. In the podcast, we discuss his experiments and what we’ve learned about three extreme environments: the core-mantle boundary, the mantle transition zone, and the surface of the Moon.Jacobsen is a Professor of Geological Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. The image shows him in his optical spectroscopy lab, where extreme conditions found throughout the solar system are re-created.
- Mar 26, 202631 min
Esther Sumner on Turbidity Currents
Though turbidity currents are massive and frequent underwater events, we have rarely observed them directly. Esther Sumner is one of the few researchers who has. In the podcast, she describes what it's like to instrument an active submarine canyon, what these flows have revealed about the way sediment moves across the seafloor — and the day her team accidentally flew an underwater robot into a live turbidity current in the Mendocino canyon off the coast of California. She is an Associate Professor of geology and geophysics at the University of Southampton.
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About Geology Bites
What moves the continents, creates mountains, swallows up the sea floor, makes volcanoes erupt, triggers earthquakes, and imprints ancient climates into the rocks? Oliver Strimpel, a former astrophysicist and museum director asks leading Earth science researchers to divulge what they have discovered and how they did it.
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